Abstract
In this study, a review of variety of processes that are used in the treatment produced water prior to reuse or to responsible disposal are presented with their environmental issues and economical benefits. Samples of produced water from five locations in Rumaila oilfield/in south of Iraq were taken and analyzed for their contents of brine, some heavy metals, total suspended solids and oil and grease. Moreover, two samples of water were treated using reverse osmosis technique which showed its ability to treat such contaminated water. The results showed that the environmental impact of produced water arises from its chemical composition; i.e., its salt content, its heavy metals, and hydrocarbon contents.
References
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[29] Caswell, P.C., Gelb, D., Marinello, S. A., Emerick, J. C., and Cohen, R. R. H., "Testing of man-Made Overland-Flow and Wetlands Systems for the Treatment of Discharged Waters from Oil and Gas Production Operations in Wyoming", Proceedings of Petro. Safe92, Houstin, TX, 1992.
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[31] New Logic Research, "Using VSEP to Treat Produced Water : An Effective and Economical Solution", Emeryville, USA, 2008, http:/www.vsep.com.
[2] John,A.V.,Markus,G.P.,Deborah E., and Robert, J.," A White Paper Describing Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Bed Methane, "prepared by Argonne National Laboratory for U.S.Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory,Jan.,2004.
[3] Stephenson, M. T., "Components of Produced Water: A Compilation of Industrial Studies", J. Pet. Tech,. May 1992, pp.548-603.
[4] Gray, P. R., "NORM Contamination in the Petroleum Industry", J. Pet. Tech,, Jan. 1993, pp. 12-16.
[5] Georgi W.J.,D.Sell, and M.J.Baker, "Establishing Best Practicable Environmental Option Practice for Produced Water Management in the Gas and Oil Production Facilities,"SPE 66545,presented at the SPE/ EPA/ DOE Exploration and Environmental Conference, San Antonio,Feb.,2001.
[6] Breit,G.,T.R.Klett,C.A.Rice,D.A.Ferderer,and .Kharaka, "National Compilation of Information About Water Co-Produced with Oil and Gas," 5th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, NM, Oct.20-23,1998.
[7] Arnold K.E."Design Concepts for Offshore Produced-Water Treating and Disposal Systems,"J.Pet.Tech.,Feb.1983,pp.276-283.
[8] Odd,JE.,and Tomson,M.B.,"Why Scale Forms and How to Predict it,"SPE Production and Facilities 9,no.1,Feb.,1994,pp.47-54.
[9] Cline,J.T.,"Treatment and Discharge of Produced Water for Deep Offshore Disposal, "presented at the API Produced Water Management Technical Forum and Exhibition,Lafayette,LA,nov.,1998.
[10] Knudsen B.,Hjelsvold M.,Frost T.,Svarstad M.,Grine P.,Willumsen C.,and Torvik H.,"Meeting the Zero Discharge Challenge for Produced Water,"SPE 86671,paper presented at the SPE HSE Int.Conf.29-31 March 2004 in Calgary,Alberta,Canada.
[11] Freeman,H.M.,editor, Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1989.
[12] Canadian Petroleum Association, "Production Waste Management Handbook for the Alberta Petroleum Industry", Dec. 1990.
[13] Tchobanoglus, G. and Burton, F. L. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc., 1991.
[14] Wojtanowicz, A. K., "Oilfield Environmental Control Technology: A Synopsis", J. Pet. Tech., Feb. 1993, pp.166-172.
[15] Boysen, D. B., "Cost Factors Associated with Managing Produced Water at CBM Properties in the Rocky Mountain Region", 10th Annual International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Houston, TX, Nov. 2003.
[16] Lawrence, A. W., Miller, D. L., and hayds, T. D., "Regional Assessment of Produced Water Treatment and Disposal Practices and Research Needs, "EPA Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, Houston, Texas, March 1995, pp.373-392.
[17] Boysen, D. B., J. E. Boysen, and T. Larson, "Regional, Technical, Regulatory and Economic Trends in Produced Water Management", Gas Research Institute Publications, Nov. 2002.
[18] Arnold, K. E. and Koszela, P. J., "Droplet-Setting vs. Retention Time Theories for Sizing Oil/Water Separator", SPE Production Engineering, Feb. 1990, pp.59-64.
[19] Sullivan, E, J., Bowman, R.S.,Katz,L., and Kinney, K., “ Water Treatment Technology For Oil and Gas Produced Water, “ Identifying Technologies Improve Regional Water Stewardship :North-Middle Rio Grand Corridor, 21-22 April, 2004.
[20] Simms, K., Kok, S., and Zaidi, A., "Alternative Processes For the Removal of Oil From Oilfield Brines", Proceedings of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's First International Symposium on Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Waste management Practices, New Orleans, LA, Sept. 10-13, 1990, pp.17-30.
[21] Powers, M. L., "New Perspectives on Oil and Gas Separator Performance", SPE Production and Facilities, May 1993, pp.77-83.
[22] Sublett, K. L., Morse, D. E., and Raterman, K. T., "A Field Demonstration of Sour Produced Water Remediation by Microbial Treatment", Paper SPE 26396 Presented at The Society of Petroleum Engineering 58th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX, Oct.3-6, 1993.
[23] Mount,D.R.,Gulley,D.D.,and Evans,J.M.,"Salinity/Toxicity Relationships to Predict the Acute Toxicity of Produced Waters to Freshwater Organisms, "paper SPE 26007 presented at the Society of Petroleum Engineers/Environmental Protection Agency's Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, an Antonio,TX,March 7-10,1993.
[24] Tao, F. T., Curtice S., Hobbs, R. D., Sides, J. L., Wieser, J. D., Dyke, C. A., Tuohey, D., and Pilger, P. F., "Conversion of Oilfield Produced Water into an Irrigation/ Drinking Quality", Paper SPE 26003 Presented at the Society of Petroleum Engineering/ Environmental Protection Agency's Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, San Antonio, TX, March 7-10, 1993.
[25] Chen, A. S. C., Flynn, J. T., Cook, R. G., and Casaday, A. L., "Removal of Oil, Grease, and Suspended Solids from Produced Water with Ceramic Cross flow Microfiltration, " SPE Production Engineering, May 1991, pp.131-136.
[26] Townely, D., Bergman, R. J., and Goldman, W. A., "Reduction of Oilfield Production Wastes Using Dry Cake Filters", Paper SPE 19742 Presented at the Society of Petroleum Engineers 64th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, Oct. 8-11, 1989.
[27] Hinds, A. A., Donovan, D. M., Lowell, J. L., and Liao, A., "Treatment Reclamation and Disposal Options for Drilling Muds and Cuttings", Paper IADC/SPE14798 Presented at The Society of Petroleum Engineers IADC/SPE Drilling Conference, Dallas, TX, Feb. 10-12, 1986.
[28] Abd Al-Razaq, A.A. Haleem, "Different Techniques to Minimize Oil Wells Drilling Wastes", Ph.D. Thesis, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, 2007.
[29] Caswell, P.C., Gelb, D., Marinello, S. A., Emerick, J. C., and Cohen, R. R. H., "Testing of man-Made Overland-Flow and Wetlands Systems for the Treatment of Discharged Waters from Oil and Gas Production Operations in Wyoming", Proceedings of Petro. Safe92, Houstin, TX, 1992.
[30] Canarutto, S., Petruzzelli, G., Lubrano., and Vigna Guidi, B., "How Compositing Affects Heavy Metal Content", Biocycle, June 1991, pp.48-50.
[31] New Logic Research, "Using VSEP to Treat Produced Water : An Effective and Economical Solution", Emeryville, USA, 2008, http:/www.vsep.com.
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