الملخص
The implementation of technology in the provision of public services and communication to citizens, which is commonly referred to as e-government, has brought multitude of benefits, including enhanced efficiency, accessibility, and transparency. Nevertheless, this approach also presents particular security concerns, such as cyber threats, data breaches, and access control. One technology that can aid in mitigating the effects of security vulnerabilities within e-government is permissioned blockchain. This work examines the performance of the hyperledger fabric private blockchain under high transaction loads by analyzing two scenarios that involve six organizations as case studies. Several parameters, such as transaction send rate, blockchain size, batch timeout, organization number, and the number of clients, were modified in the two scenarios. The gradual addition of organizations was also observed to determine the impact of multi-organization on the throughput, latency, and scalability of the system. By increasing the block size to approximately 100 transactions per block, acceptable performance and latency results are attained. The throughput and latency findings are accepted for three or four organizations, but when many organizations are added, throughput and latency begin to suffer from poor performance. Also, many tests show that increased block timeout for high sending rates positively affects the throughput and latency.
المراجع
A. M. K. . AL-Ghraibawy, “The Influence of Organizational Power on the Achievement of Entrepreneurship for Business Organizations An Analytical Study of the Views of a Sample of Managers in the Iraqi Ministry of Education”, JEAS, vol. 28, no. 131, pp. 59–82, Mar. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33095/jeas.v28i131.2234
Marian STOICA and Bogdan GHILIC-MICU (2020)," E-Government in Romania – a Case Study", Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices, Vol. 2020 (2020), Article ID 608643, http://dx.doi.org/10.5171/2020.608643
A. S. Elameer, "COVID-19 and real e-government and e-learning Adoption in Iraq," 2021 4th International Iraqi Conference on Engineering Technology and Their Applications (IICETA), Najaf, Iraq, 2021, pp. 323-329, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IICETA51758.2021.9717570
Salman, R. H. ., Shiltagh, N. A. ., & Abdullah, M. Z. . (2021). Development of a Job Applicants E-government System Based on Web Mining Classification Methods. Iraqi Journal of Science, 62(8), 2748–2758. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2021.62.8.28
I. M. Hayder, H. A. Younis, I. A. Abed and H. A. Younis, "Services System between Citizens and the E-Government in the Iraqi Ministry of Migration and Displaced," 2020 3rd International Conference on Engineering Technology and its Applications (IICETA), Najaf, Iraq, 2020, pp. 117-121, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IICETA50496.2020.9318959
Mohsin, M.A., Hamad, A.H. (2022). Performance evaluation of SDN DDoS attack detection and mitigation based random forest and K-nearest neighbors machine learning algorithms. Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 233-240. https://doi.org/10.18280/ria.360207
María Isabel Ortiz-Lizcano, Enrique Arias-Antunez, Ángel Hernández Bravo, María Blanca Caminero, Tomás Rojo Guillen, Syong Hyun Nam Cha, Increasing the security and traceability of biological samples in biobanks by blockchain technology, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Volume 231, 2023, 107379, ISSN 0169-2607, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107379
Salman, S.A.B., Al-Janabi, S. and Sagheer, A.M., 2022. A Review on E-Voting Based on Blockchain Models. Iraqi Journal of Science, pp.1362-1375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2022.63.3.38
U. Bodkhe et al., "Blockchain for Industry 4.0: A Comprehensive Review," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 79764-79800, 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2988579
A. B. Abdulhussein, A. K. Hadi and M. Ilyas, "Design a Tracing System for a Seed Supply Chain Based on Blockchain," 2020 3rd International Conference on Engineering Technology and its Applications (IICETA), Najaf, Iraq, 2020, pp. 209-214, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IICETA50496.2020.9318792
Ravi Prakash, V.S. Anoop, S. Asharaf, Blockchain technology for cybersecurity: A text mining literature analysis, International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, 100112, ISSN 2667-0968, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2022.100112
S. Singh, A. S. M. S. Hosen and B. Yoon, "Blockchain Security Attacks, Challenges, and Solutions for the Future Distributed IoT Network," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 13938-13959, 2021, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051602
A. A. . Hassan, “ Blockchain Technology and its Potential Effect on the Banking Industry (China Case Study)”, JEAS, vol. 28, no. 131, pp. 133–149, Mar. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33095/jeas.v28i131.2240
M. Dabbagh, M. Kakavand, M. Tahir and A. Amphawan, "Performance Analysis of Blockchain Platforms: Empirical Evaluation of Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum," 2020 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Engineering and Technology (IICAIET), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, 2020, pp. 1-6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IICAIET49801.2020.9257811
C. Wang and X. Chu, "Performance Characterization and Bottleneck Analysis of Hyperledger Fabric," 2020 IEEE 40th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), Singapore, Singapore, 2020, pp. 1281-1286, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS47774.2020.00165
A. A. Monrat, O. Schelén and K. Andersson, "Performance Evaluation of Permissioned Blockchain Platforms," 2020 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE), Gold Coast, Australia, 2020, pp. 1-8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CSDE50874.2020.9411380
Saeed, S.H., Hadi, S.M., Hamad, A.H. (2022). Performance evaluation of E-voting based on hyperledger fabric blockchain platform. Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 581-587. https://doi.org/10.18280/ria.360410
W. Choi and J. W. -K. Hong, "Performance Evaluation of Ethereum Private and Testnet Networks Using Hyperledger Caliper," 2021 22nd Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), Tainan, Taiwan, 2021, pp. 325-329, http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/APNOMS52696.2021.9562684
T. Nakaike, Q. Zhang, Y. Ueda, T. Inagaki and M. Ohara, "Hyperledger Fabric Performance Characterization and Optimization Using GoLevelDB Benchmark," 2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), Toronto, ON, Canada, 2020, pp. 1-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169454
Ghassan Al-Sumaidaee, Rami Alkhudary, Zeljko Zilic, Andraws Swidan, Performance analysis of a rivate blockchain network built on Hyperledger Fabric for healthcare, Information Processing & Management, Volume 60, Issue 2, 2023, 103160, ISSN 0306-4573, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103160
Radu Godina, Aurélien Bruel, Angela Neves, João C.O. Matias, The Potential of Blockchain Applications in Urban Industrial Symbiosis, IFAC-PapersOnLine, Volume 55, Issue 10, 2022, Pages 3310-3315, ISSN 2405-8963, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.10.122
J. Ma, Y. Jo and C. Park, "PeerBFT: Making Hyperledger Fabric’s Ordering Service Withstand Byzantine Faults," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 217255-217267, 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3040443
The Linux Foundation Project. Available online: https://www.hyperledger.org, Last access in april 2023
The official documentation of hyperledger fabric v2.4 available online, https://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/. Last access in april 2023.
حقوق الطبع والنشر: يحتفظ مؤلفو الوصول المفتوح بحقوق الطبع والنشر لاعمالهم، ويتم توزيع جميع مقالات الوصول المفتوح بموجب شروط ترخيص Creative Commons Attribution License، والتي تسمح بالاستخدام غير المقيد والتوزيع والاستنساخ في أي وسيط، بشرط ذكر العمل الأصلي بشكل صحيح. إن استخدام الأسماء الوصفیة العامة، والأسماء التجاریة، والعلامات التجاریة، وما إلی ذلك في ھذا المنشور، حتی وإن لم یتم تحدیدھ بشکل محدد، لا یعني أن ھذه الأسماء غیر محمیة بموجب القوانین واللوائح ذات الصلة. في حين يعتقد أن المشورة والمعلومات في هذه المجلة صحيحة ودقيقة في تاريخ صحتها، لا يمكن للمؤلفين والمحررين ولا الناشر قبول أي مسؤولية قانونية عن أي أخطاء أو سهو قد يتم. لا يقدم الناشر أي ضمان، صريح أو ضمني، فيما يتعلق بالمواد الواردة في هذه الوثيقة.