A review on Activated Carbon Prepared from Agricultural Waste using Conventional and Microwave Activation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2023.06.001Abstract
In the recent years the research on the activated carbon preparation from agro-waste and byproducts have been increased due to their potency for agro-waste elimination. This paper presents a literature review on the synthesis of activated carbon from agro-waste using microwave irradiation method for heating. The applicable approach is highlighted, as well as the effects of activation conditions including carbonization temperature, retention period, and impregnation ratio. The review reveals that the agricultural wastes heated using a chemical process and microwave energy can produce activated carbon with a surface area that is significantly higher than that using the conventional heating method.
Downloads
References
G. M. A.-H. S. D. Salman, "Adsorption of Para Nitro-phenol by Activated Carbon produced from Alhagi " Sains Malaysiana vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 57-67, 2020, doi: DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2020-4901-07.
S. D. Salman, I. M. Rasheed, and M. M. Ismaeel, "Removal of diclofenac removal from aqueous solution on apricot seeds activated carbon synthesized by pyro carbonic acid microwave," Chemical Data Collections, p. 100982, 2022/12/28/ 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2022.100982.
M. F. M. Yusop, M. A. Ahmad, N. A. Rosli, and M. E. A. Manaf, "Adsorption of cationic methylene blue dye using microwave-assisted activated carbon derived from acacia wood: Optimization and batch studies," Environ. Technol. Innov., vol. 14, no. 6, p. 103122, 2021/06/01/ 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103122.
N. M. Jabbar, S. D. Salman, I. M. Rashid, and Y. S. Mahdi, "Removal of an anionic Eosin dye from aqueous solution using modified activated carbon prepared from date palm fronds," Chemical Data Collections, vol. 42, p. 100965, 2022/12/01/ 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2022.100965.
M. Ullah, R. Nazir, M. Khan, W. Khan, M. Shah, and S. Afridi, "The effective removal of heavy metals from water by activated carbon adsorbents of Albizia lebbeck and Melia azedarach seed shells," Soil and Water Research, vol. 15, 06/13 2019, doi: 10.17221/212/2018-SWR.
J. M. Salman, V. O. Njoku, and B. H. Hameed, "Adsorption of pesticides from aqueous solution onto banana stalk activated carbon," Chem. Eng. J., vol. 174, no. 1, pp. 41-48, 2011/10/15/ 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.08.026.
G. C. Ray and E. O. Box, "Adsorption of Gases on Activated Charcoal," Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1315-1318, 1950/07/01 1950, doi: 10.1021/ie50487a021.
S. Acevedo, L. Giraldo, and J. C. Moreno-Piraján, "Adsorption of CO2 on Activated Carbons Prepared by Chemical Activation with Cupric Nitrate," ACS Omega, vol. 5, no. 18, pp. 10423-10432, 2020/05/12 2020, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00342.
M. W. Khalid and S. D. Salman, "Adsorption of Chromium Ions on Activated Carbon Produced from Cow Bones," Iraqi j. chem. pet. eng., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 23-32, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2019.2.4
M. W. Khalid and S. D. Salman, "Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution onto Sawdust Activated Carbon," Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 60- 69, 09/01 2019. [Online]. Available: https://alkej.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/alkej/article/view/650.
O. Ioannidou and A. Zabaniotou, "Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production—A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 1966-2005, 2007/12/01/ 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.03.013.
G. Crini, E. Lichtfouse, L. D. Wilson, and N. Morin-Crini, "Conventional and non-conventional adsorbents for wastewater treatment," Environ. Chem. Lett., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 195-213, 2019/03/01 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10311-018-0786-8.
H. Deng, G. Li, H. Yang, J. Tang, and J. Tang, "Preparation of activated carbons from cotton stalk by microwave assisted KOH and K2CO3 activation," Chem. Eng. J., vol. 163, no. 3, pp. 373-381, 2010/10/01/ 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.08.019.
N. S. Majeed, H. A. Sabbar, and N. O. A. Al-Musawi, "Preparation Activated Carbon from Scrap Tires by Microwave Assisted KOH Activation for Removal Emulsified Oil," Iraqi j. chem. pet. eng., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 57-69, 03/31 2017. [Online]. Available: https://ijcpe.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/ijcpe/article/view/193.
D. Yang, L. Jiang, S. Yang, and S. Wei, "Experimental Study on Preparation of Straw Activated Carbon by Microwave Heating," Procedia Engineering, vol. 205, pp. 3538-3544, 2017/01/01/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.923.
G. Zhang, L. Zhang, H. Deng, and P. Sun, "Preparation and characterization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose from cotton stalk using microwave heating," J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 86, pp. 584-589, 2011.
S. Cheng, L. Zhang, S. Zhang, H. Xia, and J. Peng, "Preparation of High Surface Area Activated Carbon from Spent Phenolic Resin by Microwave Heating and KOH Activation," High Temp. Mater. Processes (London), vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 59-68, 2018, doi: doi:10.1515/htmp-2016-0042.
W. Li, L.-b. Zhang, J.-h. Peng, N. Li, and X.-y. Zhu, "Preparation of high surface area activated carbons from tobacco stems with K2CO3 activation using microwave radiation," Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 341-347, 2008/05/01/ 2008, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.11.011
M. Kubota, A. Hata, and H. Matsuda, "Preparation of activated carbon from phenolic resin by KOH chemical activation under microwave heating," Carbon, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 2805-2811, 2009/10/01/ 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.06.024.
D. A. Jones, T. P. Lelyveld, S. D. Mavrofidis, S. W. Kingman, and N. J. Miles, "Microwave heating applications in environmental engineering—a review," Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 75-90, 2002/01/01/ 2002, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00088-X.
A. Mohseni-Bandpi, T. J. Al-Musawi, E. Ghahramani, M. Zarrabi, S. Mohebi, and S. A. Vahed, "Improvement of zeolite adsorption capacity for cephalexin by coating with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles," J. Mol. Liq., vol. 218, pp. 615-624, 2016/06/01/ 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.02.092.
A. K. Rahardjo, M. J. J. Susanto, A. Kurniawan, N. Indraswati, and S. Ismadji, "Modified Ponorogo bentonite for the removal of ampicillin from wastewater," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 190, no. 1, pp. 1001-1008, 2011/06/15/ 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.04.052.
M. W. Khalid and S. D. Salman, "Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution onto Sawdust Activated Carbon," 2019, https://alkej.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/alkej/article/view/650.
N. T. Abdel-Ghani, G. A. El-Chaghaby, M. H. ElGammal, and E.-S. A. Rawash, "Optimizing the preparation conditions of activated carbons from olive cake using KOH activation," New Carbon Materials, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 492-500, 2016/10/01/ 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(16)60027-6.
F. Al-Qaessi and L. Abu-Farah, "Activated Carbon Production from Date Stones Using Phosphoric Acid," Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 32, no. 14, pp. 1316-1325, 2010/05/14 2010, doi: 10.1080/15567030802654012.
N. K. E. M. Yahaya, M. F. Pakir, M. Latiff, I. Abustan, O. Bello, and M. A. Ahmad, "Adsorptive Removal of Cu(II) Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Rice Husk by ZnCl2 Activation and Subsequent Gasification with CO2," Int. J. Eng. Technol., vol. 11, pp. 207-211, 01/01 2011.
M. G. Plaza, C. Pevida, C. F. Martín, J. Fermoso, J. J. Pis, and F. Rubiera, "Developing almond shell-derived activated carbons as CO2 adsorbents," Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 102-106, 2010/01/29/ 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2009.11.008.
Q. Cao, K.-C. Xie, Y.-K. Lv, and W.-R. Bao, "Process effects on activated carbon with large specific surface area from corn cob," Bioresour. Technol., vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 110-115, 2006/01/01/ 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.026.
B. M. W. P. K. Amarasinghe and R. A. Williams, "Tea waste as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of Cu and Pb from wastewater," Chem. Eng. J., vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 299-309, 2007/08/01/ 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.01.016.
C. J. Durán-Valle, M. Gómez-Corzo, V. Gómez-Serrano, J. Pastor-Villegas, and M. L. Rojas-Cervantes, "Preparation of charcoal from cherry stones," Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 252, no. 17, pp. 5957-5960, 2006/06/30/ 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.11.004.
R. M. Suzuki, A. D. Andrade, J. C. Sousa, and M. C. Rollemberg, "Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from rice bran," Bioresour. Technol., vol. 98, no. 10, pp. 1985-1991, 2007/07/01/ 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.08.001.
T. C. Chandra, M. M. Mirna, J. Sunarso, Y. Sudaryanto, and S. Ismadji, "Activated carbon from durian shell: Preparation and characterization," Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 457-462, 2009/07/01/ 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2008.10.002.
J. Yang and K. Qiu, "Development of high surface area mesoporous activated carbons from herb residues," Chem. Eng. J., vol. 167, no. 1, pp. 148-154, 2011/02/15/ 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.12.013.
Q. Li, L. Chai, Z. Yang, Q. Wang, and Y. Wang, "A comparative study of Ag(I) adsorption on raw and modified spent grain: kinetic and thermodynamic aspects," (in eng), Water Environ Res, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 2290-6, Nov 2010, doi: 10.2175/106143010x12681059116978.
Q. Y. Yue, W. Y. Wang, B. Y. Gao, X. Xu, J. Zhang, and Q. Li, "Phosphate removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on modified giant reed," (in eng), Water Environ Res, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 374-81, Apr 2010, doi: 10.2175/106143009x12529484815719.
Q.-Y. Yue, W.-Y. Wang, B.-Y. Gao, X. Xu, J. Zhang, and Q. Li, "Phosphate Removal from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on Modified Giant Reed," Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation, vol. 82, pp. 374-81, 04/01 2010, doi: 10.2307/25679789.
L. Artok and Ç. Sarıcı, "Preparation and characterization of activated carbons by one-step steam pyrolysis/activation from apricot stones," Microporous and Mesoporous Materials - MICROPOROUS MESOPOROUS MAT, vol. 88, pp. 126-134, 01/21 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.09.003.
H. Demiral and G. Gündüzoğlu, "Removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from sugar beet bagasse," Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1675-1680, 2010/03/01/ 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.087.
N. M. Haimour and S. Emeish, "Utilization of date stones for production of activated carbon using phosphoric acid," Waste Management, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 651-660, 2006/01/01/ 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.08.004.
A. C. Lua and T. Yang, "Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut shell by zinc chloride activation under nitrogen and vacuum conditions," (in eng), J Colloid Interface Sci, vol. 290, no. 2, pp. 505-13, Oct 15 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.063.
Y. Juan and Q. Ke-qiang, "Preparation of Activated Carbon by Chemical Activation under Vacuum," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 3385-3390, 2009/05/01 2009, doi: 10.1021/es8036115.
M. Olivares-Marín, C. Fernández-González, A. Macías-García, and V. Gómez-Serrano, "Preparation of activated carbon from cherry stones by chemical activation with ZnCl2," Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 252, no. 17, pp. 5967-5971, 2006/06/30/ 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.11.008.
G. G. Stavropoulos and A. A. Zabaniotou, "Production and characterization of activated carbons from olive-seed waste residue," Microporous Mesoporous Mater., vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 79-85, 2005/07/05/ 2005, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.03.009.
N. E. M. Yahaya, M. F. Pakir, M. Latiff, I. Abustan, O. Bello, and M. A. Ahmad, "Effect of preparation conditions of activated carbon prepared from rice husk by CO2 activation for removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution," Int. J. Eng. Technol., vol. 10, pp. 47-51, 01/01 2010.
M. Auta and B. H. Hameed, "Optimized waste tea activated carbon for adsorption of Methylene Blue and Acid Blue 29 dyes using response surface methodology," Chem. Eng. J., vol. 175, pp. 233-243, 2011/11/15/ 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.100.
I. I. Gurten, M. Ozmak, E. Yagmur, and Z. Aktas, "Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from waste tea using K2CO3," Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 37, pp. 73-81, 2012/02/01/ 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.12.030.
O. Pezoti et al., "NaOH-activated carbon of high surface area produced from guava seeds as a high-efficiency adsorbent for amoxicillin removal: Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies," Chem. Eng. J., vol. 288, pp. 778-788, 2016/03/15/ 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.12.042.
F. Yang et al., "Nitrogen-functionalization biochars derived from wheat straws via molten salt synthesis: An efficient adsorbent for atrazine removal," Sci. Total Environ., vol. 607-608, pp. 1391-1399, 2017/12/31/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.020.
B.-L. Xing et al., "Lignite-derived high surface area mesoporous activated carbons for electrochemical capacitors," Fuel Process. Technol., vol. 138, pp. 734-742, 2015/10/01/ 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.07.017.
W.-J. Liu, K. Tian, Y.-R. He, H. Jiang, and H.-Q. Yu, "High-Yield Harvest of Nanofibers/Mesoporous Carbon Composite by Pyrolysis of Waste Biomass and Its Application for High Durability Electrochemical Energy Storage," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 48, no. 23, pp. 13951-13959, 2014/12/02 2014, doi: 10.1021/es504184c.
N. Guo, M. Li, X. Sun, F. Wang, and R. Yang, "Tremella derived ultrahigh specific surface area activated carbon for high performance supercapacitor," Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 201, pp. 399-407, 2017/11/01/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.08.054.
N. M. Haimour and S. Emeish, "Utilization of date stones for production of activated carbon using phosphoric acid," Waste Manage., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 651-660, 2006/01/01/ 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.08.004.
H. Deng, L. Yang, G. Tao, and J. Dai, "Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from cotton stalk by microwave assisted chemical activation—Application in methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 166, no. 2, pp. 1514-1521, 2009/07/30/ 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.080.
H. Deng, G. Zhang, X. Xu, G. Tao, and J. Dai, "Optimization of preparation of activated carbon from cotton stalk by microwave assisted phosphoric acid-chemical activation," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 182, no. 1, pp. 217-224, 2010/10/15/ 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.018.
S. D. Salman, I. M. Rasheed, and M. M. Ismaeel, "Removal of diclofenac from aqueous solution on apricot seeds activated carbon synthesized by pyro carbonic acid microwave," Chemical Data Collections, vol. 43, p. 100982, 2023/02/01/ 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2022.100982.
E. Yagmur, M. Ozmak, and Z. Aktas, "A novel method for production of activated carbon from waste tea by chemical activation with microwave energy," Fuel, vol. 87, no. 15, pp. 3278-3285, 2008/11/01/ 2008, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.05.005.
Q.-S. Liu, T. Zheng, P. Wang, and L. Guo, "Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from bamboo by microwave-induced phosphoric acid activation," Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 233-238, 2010/03/01/ 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.10.011.
D. Xin-hui, C. Srinivasakannan, P. Jin-hui, Z. Li-bo, and Z. Zheng-yong, "Comparison of activated carbon prepared from Jatropha hull by conventional heating and microwave heating," Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 3920-3926, 2011/10/01/ 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.06.010.
S. D. Salman, I. M. Rasheed, and M. M. Ismaeel, "Removal of diclofenac from aqueous solution on apricot seeds activated carbon synthesized by pyro carbonic acid microwave," Chem. Data Collect., vol. 43, p. 100982, 2023/02/01/ 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2022.100982.
K. Yang, J. Peng, C. Srinivasakannan, L. Zhang, H. Xia, and X. Duan, "Preparation of high surface area activated carbon from coconut shells using microwave heating," Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, no. 15, pp. 6163-6169, 2010/08/01/ 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.001.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright: Open Access authors retain the copyrights of their papers, and all open access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations. While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
